The Arrogance of Power** and the Three Waves of American Arrogance
Dr. Mohammed Berween Emeritus Professor of Politics and Administration
Texas A&M International University, Texas, USA
First: The Concept and Components of Arrogance
1. The Concept Arrogance, as a general concept, means conceit and looking down upon others. It leads to boasting, indifference, blackmail, and haughtiness, and the inevitable end result is disintegration and collapse. In other words, the arrogant person always tries to:
a. Display his excessive pride and believe he is above the law.
b. Show contempt and disdain for the opinions of those he considers inferior, and exaggerates their importance, abilities, and knowledge.
c. Believe they are infallible and know everything.
d. Inflate his ego and self-worth.
e. Feel no remorse and fail to recognize that his behavior is problematic.
2. Pillars The pillars referred to the "foundations" or "basic elements" that constitute the "phenomenon of arrogance." Perhaps the most important of these pillars are the following:
a. Entitlement The arrogant person believes that his power gives him the right to interfere in the affairs of others.
b. Superiority The arrogant person refuses to learn from others and always claims to be superior and elevated.
c. Priority The arrogant person prioritizes his own ideas and suggestions, preferring them over others.
d. Inferiority The arrogant person always tries to place others in a lower rank (or position) than himself.
e. Ridicule The arrogant person always tries to ridicule, insult, and provoke everything around him.
f. Extortion The arrogant person seeks to obtain the largest share from others without giving anything in return.
g. Brutality The arrogant person carries out their actions and behaviors with brute force, excessive cruelty, and deliberate meanness.
h. Delusion The arrogant person has a fantastical sense of self that drives him to exaggerate and form unrealistic and contradictory ideas.
j. Fear The arrogant person's constant feeling of insecurity, fear, panic, and instability.
k. Isolation The arrogant person always prefers isolation and distancing himself from people.
3. Tools Arrogant person has many tools that it can use to achieve its goals, perhaps the most important of which are the following:
1. Ignorance The primary and main tool of the arrogance of power is "ignorance." This does not refer to ignorance related to the inability to read and write, nor does it mean that a person has a "small amount" of information, nor does it mean that a person lacks "true knowledge" of things. Rather, it means the "systematic manufacturing of ignorance," meaning the creation of ignorance that results in raising a person whose most important characteristics are:
(a) speaking before listening,
(b) talking a lot but saying nothing useful,
(c) opposing before understanding,
(d) judging (or giving opinions on) everything they do not know.
Therefore, the phenomenon of "intelligence manipulation" can be considered one of the most dangerous forms of ignorance in the modern era, because it cultivates (or produces) a "fake" and "pretender" individual who pretends to be educated and an expert, but in reality, lives in ignorance, illusion, and delusion. Perhaps one of the most important and dangerous tools of modern ignorance manipulation, widespread everywhere these days, is what is known as "Content Creation." In reality, it is nothing more than a tool and a type of "false packaging of facts and realities" for marketing and promotion, by disseminating the half-truths desired by the creator!
Most people understand that "half a truth is more dangerous than a complete lie." The ultimate goal of this "malicious tool" is to attempt to transform the "information recipient" from a mature, independent individual capable of thinking, producing, and creating, into an "ignorant and programmed" person, so that they become merely a replica of the products of what is known today as "artificial intelligence." Thus, individuals in society become mere "herds," and the individual within them becomes simply a "replica" from all members of society,” and the only difference between these individuals becomes the “amount of information” that each individual in society possesses, and thus “giant programming centers,” such as “ChatGBT,” “Meta,” “Google,” and others, become the main and only sources of the degree of knowledge, intelligence, and creativity of thousands of individuals in any society.
2. Power The second primary tool of arrogance is "power" in its various forms, especially diplomatic, media, military, economic, financial, and intelligence. This means that "rulers" who possess power become arrogant because they feel (and some believe) that their power gives them the right to interfere in the affairs of individuals (or countries) less powerful than themselves.
3. Bullying The third primary tool of arrogance is "bullying," which means using words, behaviors, or actions in a repeated and deliberate hostile manner against others to harass them, threaten their safety, and make them feel helpless. In other words, a bully deliberately tries to harm others in every way possible, with aggressive, boastful, and irritating behavior towards anyone weaker than him. Perhaps the most important characteristics of a bully are:
(1) Quick to blame everyone around them,
(2) A lack of empathy or understanding of others' feelings,
(3) A refusal to take responsibility for their actions and behaviors.
In short, it can be said that "arrogance" is a human tendency present in every person! It is linked to the degree of wealth, power, and influence a person possesses. In other words, the more power, wealth, and influence a person has, the more self-sufficient they become, and this often leads to increased tyranny and arrogance. God Almighty reminded us of the danger of this "human tendency" when He said in His wise Book: "Nay, but man does transgress all bounds, in that he looks upon himself as self-sufficient" (Al-Alaq, 6). This means that as soon as a person sees themselves as self-sufficient, having acquired wealth, power, and influence, he will overstep his bounds, become arrogant towards their Lord, and oppress everyone around him.
Therefore, it is perhaps necessary to try to understand and measure the degree of arrogance practiced by each politician in his country, by conducting opinion polls to determine the extent of this dangerous and harmful tendency. In this regard, I would suggest several measurement tools that can be used, and I would call them the "Arrogance Assessment Indicators", as they are in the following table (1):
Three Waves of American Arrogance
Before discussing the three waves of American arrogance, it is perhaps appropriate to remind the reader that the most important factor in the success (or failure) of nations throughout history is their political leaders (i.e., their presidents). This is why the American historian Stevenson, in a 1984 study, states that American history is, to a large extent, the history of the American presidency - the history of men who rose to the demands of their era in the office that granted them the power of governance (Stevenson 1984, 18).
From this premise, it can be said that
"The history of nations is made by their rulers,"
Therefore, the arrogance of power that America has experienced (and continues to experience) is, in reality, a product of the policies and behaviors of its presidents. To illustrate this, let us point to the three most dangerous waves of arrogance of power that America has experienced since the mid-20th century.
The First Wave of American Arrogance
This first wave of American arrogance began in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy launched his military campaign in Vietnam to support the nationalist government against the communist insurgency. It lasted for more than 22 years. As a result of this in 1966, Senator J. William Fulbright (1905-1995) authored a book titled "The Arrogance of Power," in which he argued that his country had adopted President Theodore Roosevelt's vision of "American Exceptionalism," an idea that assumed America's greatness lay in its "Exceptional Character." The senator termed this "arrogance of power," thus becoming the first and most prominent public critic of his country's foreign policy. He summarized the reasons and objectives for his opposition to this arrogance as follows:
1. Ignorance, fear, and a lack of trust in the outside world.
2. The mistaken belief in America's cultural and military superiority through its wealth and dominance.
3. America's boasting about demonizing the Chinese because of their aggressive statements, yet America's war in Vietnam demonstrated that it was even more demonic than the Chinese.
4. An unwise waste of blood and treasure, and a model of American obsession and fear of communism.
5. It caused immense damage. The United States and its foreign policies.
The Vietnam War was a long, bloody, and costly conflict for the United States, and a major flashpoint that led to the Cold War, in which the US sought to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The war reached its peak in 1969 when the US deployed more than 543,000 troops. Among the war's casualties, Vietnam, in its official 1995 estimate, put the death toll at up to two million civilians on both sides, and approximately 1.1 million North Vietnamese combatants. The US military estimated the deaths of between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2025).
The US lost more than 58,000 soldiers and spent an estimated $111 billion. Total military spending on the war, including regular expenses, reached $828 billion, according to a BBC report. During this war, the United States dropped an estimated 7.5 million tons of bombs. Surprisingly, at the end of this brutal war, after 22 years, President Richard Nixon was forced to end it on January 23, 1973, without achieving the desired final victory! This resulted in the unification of Vietnam (North and South) under the communist banner in July 1976. The United States lost the war due to the arrogance of its leaders, their ignorance of the nature of the conflict, and their inability to adapt to it.
The Second Wave of American Arrogance
In the second wave of American arrogance, the US presidency launched two wars in the Middle East, the results of which were disastrous for the interests of the United States and the countries of the region as a whole!
First: The War on Afghanistan On October 7, 2001, President George W. Bush (the son) announced the invasion of Afghanistan, raising the slogan:
"You're either with us or against us."
Its most important declared objectives were:
(a) Dismantling al-Qaeda, which carried out the September 11 attacks under the leadership of Osama bin Laden;
(b) Denying Islamists a safe haven in Afghanistan;
(c) Overthrowing the ruling Taliban government in Afghanistan.
The war lasted 20 years (from 2001 to 2021), resulting in heavy losses for the United States and its allies, perhaps the most significant of which were:
* The US dropped more than 24,000 bombs (13,000 of which were precision-guided);
* It conducted 55,150 sorties.
* The financial costs of the war were estimated at over two trillion dollars.
Historians consider this war one of the longest in modern history - longer than World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War combined.
Ironically, at the end of this long and costly war, the United States was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan, and the Taliban government (which the US had invaded to overthrow) declared victory and resumed ruling the country as it saw fit.
Second: The War on Iraq Surprisingly, US President George W. Bush (the son) was not content with invading Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, but decided to launch a second war on Iraq on March 20, 2003!
Why?
The main (and declared) justifications for this war were:
(a) To hinder Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons;
(b) The belief that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction and thus posed a threat to international peace;
(c) The belief that Iraq had ties to terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda.
Strangely, it later turned out that:
· All these claims were baseless!
· And that all the evidence was fabricated.
Even more astonishing, during this war, America dropped 29,199 bombs (19,040 of which were precision-guided).
In this regard, The New York Times commented that the number of bombs dropped on Iraq "exceeds what was used in the entirety of World War II" (see: John Keffner, The New York Times, February 4, 1991, p. 1). And according to the US Department of Defense, the amount the United States spent directly on the war in Iraq from fiscal year 2003 to fiscal year 2012 was estimated at $728 billion (NBC News, 2025).
Worse still, this war resulted in the deaths of many Iraqis, estimated at around 35,000 military personnel and more than 200,000 Iraqi civilians. (It is important to note that there are significant discrepancies in estimates of the number of deaths in the invasion and occupation of Iraq, and I believe the main reason for this is that human life has no value in the Arab world).
Ironically, the ultimate result of this arrogance was America's withdrawal from Iraq after losing its credibility and true standing among the nations and peoples of the world. It became clear to everyone that the stated claims and reasons for launching this war were false, and most of them fabricated. All of this forced America to leave Iraq after wreaking havoc and destruction, and sowing the seeds of chaos and deadly strife. Even more astonishing is that it handed Iraq over to its bitter enemy – Iran. And since then, Iran has dominated Iraqi politics without firing a single shot in this disastrous war!
The Third Wave of American Arrogance Perhaps the best embodiment of American arrogance these days is the behavior of President Donald Trump, especially on the international stage. To understand the extent of this arrogance and its danger to the United States as a nation and to its future, let's shed some light on its most important indicators.
First: The Indicator of Entitlement The first indicator that demonstrates the degree of arrogance practiced by President Donald Trump is his belief in America's entitlement to do whatever it wants, whenever it wants! There are many examples of this, including:
(1) President Donald Trump's declaration, without any regard for international laws and norms, that he would annex Greenland to the United States. Greenland has belonged to the Kingdom of Denmark since 1775, and was loaned to the United States for use in World War II in 1941, becoming a base for the American Air Force ever since. This declaration prompted the Danish authorities to respond by saying:
"Our island is not for sale."
(2) The second example is the claim President Donald Trump asserted America’s right to act as it pleases and whenever it pleases! In a post he published on the “Truth Social” website, he said: “American ships, both military and commercial, should be allowed to pass freely through the Panama and Suez Canals, and he asked his Secretary of State, Marco Rubio, to address this situation immediately” (Shahira, 2025), even though US President Jimmy Carter signed, in 1977, a treaty with the Panamanian government to return the canal zone to Panama.
Second: The Arrogance Indicator The second indicator of the degree of arrogance displayed by President Donald Trump is his pretense of superiority in his behavior and interactions with the kings and heads of state received at the White House. For example, on February 11, 2025, he placed King Abdullah II of Jordan in a distressing and embarrassing situation, to the point that the king's face and eyes trembled with intense anxiety. When journalists asked the king:
· Do you agree with what President Trump said?
· Is your country prepared to receive some of the Gazan population on its territory?
· Are you in favor of expelling the people of Gaza from their land?
The king became flustered and refused to answer, and concluded the meeting by thanking President Trump for all his efforts and attempts!
Another example of President Donald Trump's use of a condescending tone is his harsh criticism of Ukrainian President Zelensky when the latter stated he would not recognize Russian control of Crimea. Trump described these statements as very damaging to the peace negotiations with Russia and said they would make resolving the conflict extremely difficult (Klein & Atwood, 2025).
Third: Indifference The third indicator of President Donald Trump's arrogance is his indifference. He clearly does not give much thought to the consequences of his words and decisions and their negative impact on America's future and its domestic and foreign policies. Examples of such behavior are numerous, including:
(1) What California Governor Gavin Newsom posted on his X platform on June 9, 2025, addressing President Trump: "If anyone is disrespecting our troops, it's you." He continued, "You sent your troops here without fuel, without food, without water, and without a place to sleep. This isn't about public safety; it's about exploiting the ego of a dangerous president. This is reckless, pointless, and disrespectful to our troops."
(2) Regarding the imposition of tariffs on countries around the world, it seems that President Donald Trump doesn't understand how these tariffs work and their consequences. He seems to have forgotten (or chosen to ignore) that they are a type of domestic tax, and that it is the average American consumer who will pay for them. In other words, it is American consumers, not Chinese, European, Canadian, or Arab consumers, who will bear the cost of these tariffs.
(3) The third example concerns President Donald Trump's indifference to America's standing in Africa. On June 9, 2025, Troy Vitrell, Acting Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, declared before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that the United States had lost ground to China in Africa. On the same day, President Donald Trump issued a travel ban list, which included seven African countries, without providing any logical justification for the ban.
Fourth: The Arrogance Indicator The fourth indicator of President Donald Trump's arrogance is his condescending attitude towards other nations and peoples. For example, on July 9, 2025, the President met with five African leaders at the White House—the leaders of Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, and Senegal. President Trump's discussion focused on only two main issues:
(1) Trade, not aid; and,
(2) Imposing a 10% tariff on goods exported to the United States from these countries.
Although they agreed to everything he said and asked of them, President Trump treated them with considerable arrogance and condescension. For example, he expressed surprise and astonishment at Mr. Boakai's (the President of Liberia) English speaking skills, despite English being the official language of Liberia, a country founded in the early 19th century (before the founding of America) to settle slaves whom slave traders at the time could not transport and sell to Europe. A second example of President Donald Trump's condescending manner of addressing others is his warning to the Iranian people and authorities against "not agreeing to a nuclear deal before everything is finalized," indicating that future Israeli attacks on Iran would be "more brutal" (Klein and Atwood, 2025).
Fifth: The Indicator of Disdain The fifth indicator that demonstrates the degree of arrogance practiced by President Donald Trump is his disdain for international norms and agreements. During the first months of his second term, President Trump broke – perhaps irreparably – the economic and strategic trust between the United States and its allies. This is evidenced by his criticism of the policies of Canada and Mexico, America's two largest trading partners, as he threatened them with imposing near-universal tariffs of 25%. Canada and Mexico considered this a clear breach of trust and of the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement, which President Donald personally signed in 2020.
Sixth: The Boast Indicator The sixth indicator of President Donald Trump’s arrogance is boasting. For example, when journalists asked President Trump on April 28, 2025, who he thought deserved to succeed the late Pope Francis, he replied without hesitation: “I would like to be Pope. That would be my first choice.” He added: My first choices for the next Pope are: [Me, Myself, and I], “Yes, I would like to be the next Pope, and I would be a great Pope.” The strange thing about this is that President Donald Trump seems to have forgotten the fact that he is not Catholic and that he defines himself as a non-denominational Christian (Wickman, 2025).
Seventh: The Inferiority Indicator The seventh indicator of the degree of arrogance displayed by President Donald Trump is his inferiority complex. There are many examples of this, including, for instance:
(1) his approach to the war on Gaza. He was initially quite clear, openly announcing his plans to "control" the Gaza Strip and redevelop it into what he called: "The new Riviera of the Middle East." He clarified that the people of Gaza would have no right to return to the rebuilt Strip and publicly called for the expulsion of Palestinians from the territory, arguing that "the Middle East will be stable if the United States owns the Gaza Strip, if people don't live there, and Hamas won't be there because there won't be anyone there." He pledged to give some of it to Saudi Arabia because he would receive funding from them to rebuild Gaza. He also suggested resettling the residents of Gaza in other parts of the Middle East (Weissert, 2025).
(2) Another example of President Donald Trump's use of condescending language is his comparison of Russia and Ukraine to children fighting. He said there was nothing the United States could do to end the war. He said, "Sometimes it's better to let them fight for a while and then break them up" (Jonathan Swan, June 5, 2025, The New York Times). However, two weeks later, on July 28, 2025, he announced he would give President Putin 10 or 20 days to end the war in Ukraine. That deadline passed, and he was unable to do anything to end the war as he wished.
Eighth: The Blackmail Indicator The eighth indicator of the degree of arrogance practiced by President Donald Trump is blackmail. There are many examples of this, including President Trump's conduct during a heated and provocative meeting at the White House with the President of South Africa on May 25, 2025. He presented what he claimed was "evidence" of mass killings targeting white farmers in South Africa, but it later emerged that some of it consisted of photos and videos from elsewhere. Furthermore, President Trump held up a printed copy of an article with a photograph, saying, "These are all white farmers being buried," referring to mass killings in South Africa. Tragically, the photograph he used was actually taken from a video published by Reuters on February 3, 2025, showing humanitarian workers carrying body bags in the Congolese city of Goma, following deadly clashes with Rwandan-backed rebels. All of this has provoked the ire of the South African government, which denies these claims, considering them part of a far-right conspiracy theory unsupported by facts or credible evidence (see: BBC and Al Arabiya, 2025).
Ninth: The Protectionist Indicator The ninth indicator demonstrating the degree of arrogance practiced by President Donald Trump is protectionism. On April 2, 2025, he declared a national emergency to enhance America's competitiveness, protect its sovereignty and national and economic security, and seek to apply the principle of reciprocity to rebuild the economy. He declared that foreign trade and economic practices had created a national emergency, and that in response, tariffs had to be imposed to strengthen the United States' international economic standing and protect American workers (see: Fact-Sheet, The White House, 2025).
Tenth: The Ridicule Index The tenth indicator of President Donald Trump's arrogance is his use of ridicule and mockery. For example, he vehemently criticized and ridiculed Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Iranian Revolution, for declaring that Iran had won its recent war with Israel. President Trump unleashed a torrent of insults against the Supreme Leader (Truth Social, June 27, 2025), claiming that he had saved Khamenei from a very ugly and shameful death, and accusing him of lying blatantly and stupidly (Al Jazeera, 2025). The second example is the mockery by American administrations of the situation in which Palestinians live under Israeli occupation since 1948. Perhaps the best example of this is their use of the veto in the Security Council to protect Israeli interests. The United States used the veto (until November 2024) 87 times, including 49 times against resolutions condemning Israel (Veto, 2024).
The Conclusion To conclude let me emphasize that, arrogance - as I mentioned above - is:
• A human tendency present in all people,
• A harmful psychological and social phenomenon at all levels - individuals, groups, and nations,
• Linked to the degree of wealth, power, and influence possessed by an individual, group, or nation,
• The more power, wealth, and influence a person possesses, the more arrogant and tyrannical they become towards those around them,
• Ultimately, it leads to inevitable failure, disintegration, and collapse.
Anyone observing the "arrogance of American power," under the leadership of President Donald Trump these days, will notice that it has become excessive, resulting in unrealistic and irrational actions. In my humble opinion, if it continues, it will harm America and its standing in the international community, leading to insecurity and the misuse of excessive force in this already unstable world. This will make what is known as the "international community" even more chaotic, where only the strongest survive.
From the foregoing, the following lessons and conclusions can be drawn:
First: Arrogance is not a sign of "strength," but rather a product of deliberate and systematic ignorance.
Second: Arrogance is not a sign of "confidence," but rather a compensation for low self-esteem.
Third: Arrogance is not a sign of "greatness," but rather an indicator of weakness and fear.
Fourth: The arrogance practiced by the United States of America under the leadership of President Donald Trump these days will inevitably lead to:
1. The end of the "globalization theory" that has dominated international relations since the 1980s, during which the "unipolar world" led by the United States of America since 1990 prevailed.
2. The end of what is known as the "Soft Financial System" that has led to the dominance of the US dollar since the 1970s.
3. The end of the United States as an "Attractive Nation," and it may, God forbid, transform into a "Repulsive Nation." Anyone who has lived in America or studied its history knows that the secret to its success is its "attractiveness," based on: Openness to all, Freedom of expression, Providing opportunities, Competition in the market, and diversity through unity.
4. The transformation of the United States under Trump - as Professor Tony Dukan-Morgan, a professor in the Department of Communications at the University of Wisconsin, states - into an "untrustworthy nation" (Tony Dukan-Morgan, 2018).
5. The restructuring of the global order based on a "Bipolar System," with the first pole led by the United States and the European Union. The second pole will be led by the BRICS organization and other affiliated countries.
Therefore, the leaders of the United States, foremost among them President Donald Trump, must:
(1) Not be deceived by the arrogance and might of the power they possess, for everyone knows they are powerful.
(2) They should not believe the myth that "Might Makes Right."
(3) They should learn from past empires throughout history that collapsed when they became arrogant.
(4) They must remember that the challenge facing the United States is not proving that it is a powerful nation capable of doing whatever it wants, but rather how to maintain its strength and leadership, thus becoming a great nation and leader of the free world once again.
This is the challenge facing the leaders of the United States of America, foremost among them President Donald Trump. In the coming years, they must remember the golden rule:
"If it had lasted for others, it wouldn't have reached you."
Finally, my dear friends,
don't forget that this is merely an opinion,
I believe it is right,
but I accept any better opinion,
and I respect all other opinions that differ with mine.
==============
References
**This article was published (in Arabic) in my Facebook Page, on July 27, 2025.
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J. William Fulbright. The Arrogance of Power. January 23, 1967 https://www.amazon.com/Arrogance-Power-J-William-Fulbright/dp/0812992628
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جوناثان سوان، 5 يونيو 2025، صحيفة نيويورك تايمز
Tony Docan Morgan, University of Wisconsin
https://www.uwlax.edu/currents/how-often-do-people-lie/
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